Within Space Science

The interstellar object that fueled alien speculation

Oumuamua was genuinely unusual, but a puzzling interstellar object is not the same as proof of alien engineering or a UFO plot.

On this page

  • What made Oumuamua scientifically unusual
  • Why alien technology ideas spread so easily
  • What the debate can and cannot prove
Preview for The interstellar object that fueled alien speculation

Introduction

When the interstellar object ʻOumuamua swept through the Solar System in 2017, it quickly became one of the most discussed astronomical discoveries of the decade. It was the first confirmed object observed passing through the Solar System from another star system, and several of its observed properties appeared unusual enough to trigger widespread speculation about its nature. In some corners of UFO culture, those anomalies were rapidly transformed into claims that the object might be alien technology, a probe, or even evidence connected to broader extraterrestrial visitation narratives. The actual scientific picture is more complicated. ʻOumuamua was genuinely puzzling, but puzzling is not the same as artificial. The debate surrounding it illustrates how scientific uncertainty can become intertwined with public fascination about aliens, UFOs and hidden technologies.[NASA Science]science.nasa.govNASA Science'Oumuamua - NASA ScienceThe first known interstellar object to visit our solar system, 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua, was discovered O…

Oumuamua illustration 1

The interstellar object that fueled alien speculation

ʻOumuamua was discovered on 19 October 2017 by the Pan-STARRS survey in Hawaii. Astronomers quickly determined that it was travelling on a hyperbolic trajectory, meaning it was not gravitationally bound to the Sun and had originated outside the Solar System. It became the first officially designated interstellar object, receiving the classification 1I/2017 U1.[nasa.gov]science.nasa.govNASA Science'Oumuamua - NASA ScienceThe first known interstellar object to visit our solar system, 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua, was discovered O…

The object attracted extraordinary attention because it combined several unusual characteristics:

  • It arrived from interstellar space.[space.com]space.comOumuamua: A guide to the 1st known interstellar visitorSep 19, 2023 — 'Oumuamua was a small object that came from interstellar space and…
  • It appeared highly elongated or flattened compared with many familiar asteroids.
  • It showed no obvious comet-like tail or surrounding cloud of gas.
  • Precise measurements suggested a small but statistically significant non-gravitational acceleration as it departed the Sun.[nature.com]nature.comNon-gravitational acceleration in the trajectory of 1I/2017…by M Micheli · 2018 · Cited by 295 — 'Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1) is the f…

None of these observations independently implied alien technology. Together, however, they created an unresolved scientific puzzle. Because astronomers had never previously observed an interstellar visitor at close range, there was no established category into which ʻOumuamua fit comfortably. That ambiguity created fertile ground for speculation.[nasa.gov]science.nasa.govNASA Science'Oumuamua - NASA ScienceThe first known interstellar object to visit our solar system, 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua, was discovered O…

What made ʻOumuamua scientifically unusual

The most discussed anomaly involved its motion. In 2018, researchers reported evidence that ʻOumuamua’s trajectory could not be explained solely by gravity. The object appeared to experience a small outward acceleration from the Sun. Normally, such behaviour is associated with comets, where escaping gas acts like a natural thruster. Yet telescopes failed to detect the obvious dust plume or gas emissions commonly seen in active comets.[Nature]nature.comNon-gravitational acceleration in the trajectory of 1I/2017…by M Micheli · 2018 · Cited by 295 — 'Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1) is the f…

This combination of acceleration without a visible comet tail became the central mystery.

Astronomers proposed numerous natural explanations:

  • A comet-like object releasing gas that was difficult to detect.
  • An extinct or heavily processed cometary fragment.[arxiv.org]arxiv.orgInterstellar object 'Oumuamua as an extinct fragment of an ejected cometary planetesimalMarch 7, 2018…Published: March 7, 2018
  • Exotic compositions involving hydrogen, nitrogen or carbon-monoxide ice.
  • Surface processes capable of producing subtle outgassing without creating a prominent coma.[arxiv.org]arxiv.orgInterstellar object 'Oumuamua as an extinct fragment of an ejected cometary planetesimalMarch 7, 2018…Published: March 7, 2018

The debate evolved because every proposed explanation solved some observations while leaving others imperfectly explained. Rather than pointing toward a single extraordinary answer, the evidence revealed how little scientists knew about the physical diversity of interstellar debris.[centauri-dreams.org]centauri-dreams.orga new explanation for oumuamuas accelerationCentauri DreamsA New Explanation for 'Oumuamua's AccelerationMar 22, 2023 — Among the many things we have yet to refine in our understand…

Oumuamua illustration 2

Why alien-technology ideas spread so easily

The alien-technology hypothesis became globally visible after Harvard astronomers Abraham (Avi) Loeb and Shmuel Bialy explored whether the observed acceleration could be explained by solar radiation pressure acting on an unusually thin object. In their analysis, a sheet-like structure with a very high area-to-mass ratio could theoretically be pushed by sunlight alone. They noted that such a configuration resembled concepts for artificial light sails proposed for interstellar travel.[arXiv]arxiv.orgarXiv Could Solar Radiation Pressure Explain 'Oumuamua's Peculiar Acceleration?Could Solar Radiation Pressure Explain 'Oumuamua's Peculiar Acceleration?October 26, 2018…Published: October 26, 2018

Importantly, the original paper did not claim that ʻOumuamua was definitely alien technology. Rather, it examined whether an artificial-origin scenario could fit the available data. Nevertheless, media coverage often compressed a nuanced scientific discussion into a much simpler headline: “Harvard astronomers suggest alien spacecraft.”[Harvard Gazette]news.harvard.eduresearchers see alien potential in mysterious objectHarvard GazetteHarvard researchers see alien potential in mysterious object19 Nov 2018 — A paper by Harvard researchers wonders whether t…

Several factors amplified the idea:

The object arrived from another star system. For many readers, “interstellar” naturally evokes extraterrestrial intelligence.

The object’s behaviour lacked an immediately accepted explanation. Scientific uncertainty is often interpreted by the public as evidence of hidden possibilities rather than incomplete knowledge.

The proposal came from prominent researchers. The involvement of a well-known Harvard astronomer gave the discussion greater visibility than fringe UFO speculation would normally receive.[Scientific American]scientificamerican.comScientific AmericanAstronomer Avi Loeb Says Aliens Have Visited, and He's…In conversation, the Harvard University professor explains h…

Media incentives favoured dramatic interpretations. “Possible alien probe” generated far more attention than “unusual interstellar object with unresolved physical properties.”[The New Yorker]newyorker.comThe New Yorker Have We Already Been Visited by Aliens?Its unusual acceleration and lack of a cometary tail puzzled scientists, sparking various theories. While some hypothesized it to be a un…

As a result, many people encountered the alien interpretation without seeing the larger scientific debate surrounding competing natural explanations.

The overlap with UFO and UAP narratives

Within UFO and UAP communities, ʻOumuamua acquired significance beyond astronomy. Some commentators treated it as potential evidence that extraterrestrial technology might already have entered the Solar System. Others attempted to connect it to unidentified aerial phenomena reported near Earth.

Avi Loeb himself later publicly explored hypothetical links between interstellar objects and extraterrestrial technological artefacts, including speculation that some unidentified phenomena might ultimately be connected to non-human technology. These discussions received substantial attention because they bridged two subjects that already attracted public fascination: interstellar visitors and UFO reports.[scientificamerican.com]scientificamerican.coma possible link between oumuamua and unidentified aerial phenomenaScientific AmericanA Possible Link between 'Oumuamua and Unidentified…Jun 22, 2021 — If some UAP turn out to be extraterrestrial techn…

However, the existence of such speculation should not be confused with evidence. No observation demonstrated that ʻOumuamua communicated, manoeuvred intelligently, changed course intentionally, emitted artificial signals, or exhibited any behaviour requiring advanced technology. The object’s unusual characteristics generated hypotheses, not confirmation.[planetplanet.net]planetplanet.netoumuamua natural or artificialOumuamua: Natural or Artificial?Jul 19, 2023 — Truth: 'Oumuamua definitely experienced a non-gravitational acceleration, as d…

This distinction is especially relevant within broader narratives about alleged UFO secrecy, antigravity programmes or suspicious deaths of researchers. Although ʻOumuamua is sometimes cited in those discussions, public evidence shows it was principally an astronomical anomaly debated in the open scientific literature rather than a classified discovery connected to hidden propulsion technologies.[nasa.gov]science.nasa.govNASA Science'Oumuamua - NASA ScienceThe first known interstellar object to visit our solar system, 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua, was discovered O…

What the debate can and cannot prove

The strongest conclusion supported by the evidence is that ʻOumuamua was an unusual interstellar object whose properties challenged existing expectations. The observations were sufficiently surprising that multiple competing explanations emerged, and some questions remain unresolved.[nature.com]nature.comNon-gravitational acceleration in the trajectory of 1I/2017…by M Micheli · 2018 · Cited by 295 — 'Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1) is the f…

The debate does show that:[time.com]time.comSpotted in 2017 by Pan-STARRS 1 telescope in Hawaii, Oumuamua's unusual cigar shape, reddish color, and unexpected acceleration suggest i…

  • Interstellar objects can display characteristics not commonly seen among familiar Solar System bodies.
  • Scientists sometimes disagree sharply when confronted with unprecedented observations.
  • Public interest in extraterrestrial life can rapidly reshape how scientific uncertainties are interpreted.[medium.com]avi-loeb.medium.comAvi LoebResearchers proposed various explanations, each addressing a specific anomalous aspect of 'Oumuamua's behavior, like its unusual…

The debate does not show that:

[oumuamua]scientificamerican.comwas the interstellar object oumuamua a nitrogen icebergWas the Interstellar Object 'Oumuamua a Nitrogen Iceberg?Mar 19, 2021 — In addition, a nitrogen iceberg would have inherited the motion o… mua was proven to be alien technology.

  • UFO reports were linked to the object.
  • Governments possessed secret confirmation of an artificial origin.
  • The object provided evidence for antigravity systems or hidden propulsion research.[nasa.gov]science.nasa.govNASA Science'Oumuamua - NASA ScienceThe first known interstellar object to visit our solar system, 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua, was discovered O…

Perhaps the most important lesson is methodological. A genuine mystery is not automatically evidence for the most extraordinary explanation. ʻOumuamua became famous precisely because it occupied a narrow space between the known and the unknown: unusual enough to inspire bold hypotheses, but not well understood enough to settle them. That ambiguity explains both its scientific importance and its enduring role in alien-technology speculation.[nature.com]nature.comNon-gravitational acceleration in the trajectory of 1I/2017…by M Micheli · 2018 · Cited by 295 — 'Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1) is the f…

Oumuamua illustration 3

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Endnotes

1. Source: science.nasa.gov
Link:https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/comets/oumuamua/

Source snippet

NASA Science'Oumuamua - NASA ScienceThe first known interstellar object to visit our solar system, 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua, was discovered O...

2. Source: nature.com
Link:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586

Source snippet

Non-gravitational acceleration in the trajectory of 1I/2017...by M Micheli · 2018 · Cited by 295 — 'Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1) is the f...

3. Source: space.com
Link:https://www.space.com/oumuamua.html

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'Oumuamua: A guide to the 1st known interstellar visitorSep 19, 2023 — 'Oumuamua was a small object that came from interstellar space and...

4. Source: arxiv.org
Title: arXiv Spitzer Observations of Interstellar Object 1I/`Oumuamua
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08072

5. Source: planetplanet.net
Title: oumuamua natural or artificial
Link:https://planetplanet.net/2023/07/19/oumuamua-natural-or-artificial/

Source snippet

Oumuamua: Natural or Artificial?Jul 19, 2023 — Truth: 'Oumuamua definitely experienced a non-gravitational acceleration, as d...

6. Source: arxiv.org
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02840

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Interstellar object 'Oumuamua as an extinct fragment of an ejected cometary planetesimalMarch 7, 2018...

Published: March 7, 2018

7. Source: centauri-dreams.org
Title: a new explanation for oumuamuas acceleration
Link:https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2023/03/22/a-new-explanation-for-oumuamuas-acceleration/

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Centauri DreamsA New Explanation for 'Oumuamua's AccelerationMar 22, 2023 — Among the many things we have yet to refine in our understand...

8. Source: avi-loeb.medium.com
Link:https://avi-loeb.medium.com/scientific-paradigm-resistance-evidence-from-the-oumuamua-debate-and-cross-disciplinary-cases-c5a4c341a355

Source snippet

Avi LoebResearchers proposed various explanations, each addressing a specific anomalous aspect of 'Oumuamua's behavior, like its unusual...

9. Source: arxiv.org
Title: arXiv Could Solar Radiation Pressure Explain ‘Oumuamua’s Peculiar Acceleration?
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.11490

Source snippet

Could Solar Radiation Pressure Explain 'Oumuamua's Peculiar Acceleration?October 26, 2018...

Published: October 26, 2018

10. Source: arxiv.org
Link:https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.11490

Source snippet

arXiv:1810.11490v4 [astro-ph.EP] 8 Nov 2018by S Bialy · 2018 · Cited by 198 — no signs of a any cometary activity, no cometary tail...

11. Source: news.harvard.edu
Title: researchers see alien potential in mysterious object
Link:https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/11/harvard-researchers-see-alien-potential-in-mysterious-object/

Source snippet

Harvard GazetteHarvard researchers see alien potential in mysterious object19 Nov 2018 — A paper by Harvard researchers wonders whether t...

12. Source: wired.com
Title: Is ‘Oumuamua an Alien Spaceship?
Link:https://www.wired.com/story/is-oumuamua-an-alien-spaceship-sure-except-no

Source snippet

Sure! Except, No'Oumuamua is an interstellar object that was spotted by a Hawaiian telescope in 2017. Its unusual trajectory and characte...

13. Source: Wikipedia
Title: Avi Loeb
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Loeb

Source snippet

Avi LoebSince 2017, Loeb has made a series of pseudoscientific claims that alien space craft may be in the Solar System. He has argued...

14. Source: avi-loeb.medium.com
Title: is oumuamua a hydrogen water iceberg a5d815f61c86
Link:https://avi-loeb.medium.com/is-oumuamua-a-hydrogen-water-iceberg-a5d815f61c86

Source snippet

Avi Loeb - MediumIn the new paper, Bergner and Seligman also point out that sublimation of a pure water iceberg cannot provide the full a...

15. Source: avi-loeb.medium.com
Title: oumuamua was not a hydrogen water iceberg 1dd2f7a6107f
Link:https://avi-loeb.medium.com/oumuamua-was-not-a-hydrogen-water-iceberg-1dd2f7a6107f

Source snippet

medium.com`Oumuamua Was Not a Hydrogen-Water Iceberg | by Avi LoebThe peculiar acceleration of `Oumuamua can be explained if it was made...

16. Source: avi-loeb.medium.com
Link:https://avi-loeb.medium.com/a-tale-of-three-accelerations-for-oumuamua-405f433eb36b

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Tale of Three Accelerations for `Oumuamua | by Avi LoebWhen `Oumuamua passed near Earth, the magnitude of the anomalous acceleration away...

17. Source: avi-loeb.medium.com
Title: the scientific revolution of interstellar objects b305eb3f3270
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Scientific Revolution of Interstellar Objects | by Avi LoebGentle planetary migration may produce low-velocity objects like 1I/'Oumuamua...

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1I/ʻOumuamuaOn 22 March 2023, astronomers proposed the observed acceleration was "due to the release of entrapped molecular hydrogen t...

Published: March 2023

19. Source: lweb.cfa.harvard.edu
Title: Loeb Astrobiology
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Source snippet

Spitzer Observations of Interstellar Object 1I/Oumuamua...Read mor...

20. Source: cfa.harvard.edu
Title: scientists determine oumuamua isnt made molecular hydrogen ice after all
Link:https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/scientists-determine-oumuamua-isnt-made-molecular-hydrogen-ice-after-all

Source snippet

Determine 'Oumuamua Isn't Made From Molecular...Aug 17, 2020 — Despite earlier promising claims, the interstellar object is not made of...

21. Source: centauri-dreams.org
Title: spitzer size constraints on oumuamua
Link:https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2018/11/15/spitzer-size-constraints-on-oumuamua/

Source snippet

See 'Oumuamua, Thin Films and Lightsails for...Read more...

22. Source: youtube.com
Title: Scientists Solve the Mystery Behind the Oumuamua ‘Alien Spacecraft’ Comet
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Oumuamua - A mysterious object from another star | DW Documentary...

23. Source: youtube.com
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Harvard astronomers say mystery object could be an 'alien probe' | Your Morning...

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Title: Harvard astronomers say mystery object could be an ‘alien probe’ | Your Morning
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Oumuamua alien technology avi loeb debate Physicists clash over evidence for alien life | Matt O'Dowd, Avi Loeb, Carol Cleland The Instit...

25. Source: chemistry.berkeley.edu
Title: surprisingly simple explanation alien comet ‘oumuamua’s weird orbit
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College of ChemistrySurprisingly simple explanation for alien comet 'Oumuamua's...Mar 29, 2023 — Seligman himself published a paper argu...

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Scientific AmericanAstronomer Avi Loeb Says Aliens Have Visited, and He's...In conversation, the Harvard University professor explains h...

27. Source: newyorker.com
Title: The New Yorker Have We Already Been Visited by Aliens?
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Its unusual acceleration and lack of a cometary tail puzzled scientists, sparking various theories. While some hypothesized it to be a un...

28. Source: scientificamerican.com
Title: a possible link between oumuamua and unidentified aerial phenomena
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Scientific AmericanA Possible Link between 'Oumuamua and Unidentified...Jun 22, 2021 — If some UAP turn out to be extraterrestrial techn...

29. Source: bigthink.com
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'Oumuamua wasn't an alien spacecraft, but a nitrogen...Nov 18, 2021 — 'Oumuamua, the most unique interloper into our Solar System, has a...

30. Source: inference-review.com
Title: Attention to Anomalies | Avi Loeb
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Oumuamua suggested that it is a comet of a type “never seen before.” They suggest it may be an iceberg made of pure hydrogen or pure nitr...

31. Source: facebook.com
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n and having a shape that is uncommon for most natural bodies.Read more...

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Stories by Avi LoebWe don't know if the interstellar object 'Oumuamua was natural or... Let's Search for Alien Probes, Not Just Alien Si...

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Everything Scientists Know So Far about the First...Oct 1, 2020 — 1I/'OUMUAMUA, the first interstellar object ever observed in the solar...

34. Source: scientificamerican.com
Title: was the interstellar object oumuamua a nitrogen iceberg
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Was the Interstellar Object 'Oumuamua a Nitrogen Iceberg?Mar 19, 2021 — In addition, a nitrogen iceberg would have inherited the motion o...

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Title: oumuamua paper debate comet
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A new paper says 'Oumuamua was a comet, not an alien...26 Mar 2023 — A new article redraws the scientific debate over the origin and pro...

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Source snippet

`Oumuamua gets a boost | ScienceDaily27 Jun 2018 — Oumuamua, the first interstellar object discovered in the Solar System, is moving away...

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Have Aliens Found Us? An Interview with the Harvard...16 Jan 2019 — Avi Loeb, the chair of Harvard's... There is a Scientific American...

38. Source: earthsky.org
Title: oumuamua outgassing comet strange orbit
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Was 'Oumuamua an outgassing interstellar comet?Mar 22, 2023 — Altogether, it is fantastic to see the continuing interest within the mains...

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objectsLooking purely asteroidal, the object presented multiple peculiarities, of which the most intriguing was non-gravitational acceler...

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ʻOumuamua | Astronomy and AstrophysicsʻOumuamua is an enigmatic object that entered our solar system in 2017, marking the first confirmed...

Additional References

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Link:https://time.com/5446125/alien-probe-oumuamua/

Source snippet

Spotted in 2017 by Pan-STARRS 1 telescope in Hawaii, Oumuamua's unusual cigar shape, reddish color, and unexpected acceleration suggest i...

42. Source: smithsonianmag.com
Link:https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/wonder-avi-loeb-180978579/

Source snippet

The Wonder of Avi LoebBut Loeb was struck by all the ways 'Oumuamua did not behave like a typical comet or asteroid. He discussed those a...

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Interstellar Interlopers: Anomalous Natural Objects or...Feb 25, 2026 — AI-generated rendering of a hypothetical alien light sail, the t...

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(PDF) Non-gravitational acceleration in the trajectory of 1I/...Jul 13, 2018 — Non-gravitational acceleration in the trajectory of 1I/20...

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“We have proof of extraterrestrial civilizations,” says...Feb 4, 2025 — Avi Loeb, an astrophysicist at Harvard University, believes that...

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surprisingly simple explanation for interstellar visitor...Apr 3, 2023 — Because 'Oumuamua's brightness changed periodically and varied...

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Avi Loeb is a Fraud NowAvi Lobe is a legitimate scientist with genuine credentials and decades of solid physics under his belt but in tru...

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Avi Loeb: 'It's a possibility' 3I/ATLAS comet is alien shipAstronomers have discovered 3I/ATLAS, a massive interstellar comet speeding th...

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against non-gravitational acceleration of 1I/2017...by JI Katz · 2019 · Cited by 11 — (Nature 559:223, 2018) reported that a seven-param...

50. Source: reddit.com
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Source snippet

tor — suggests the object is likely an outgassing comet with its own...Read more...

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